WEBVTT 1 00:00:06.715 --> 00:00:09.095 So I'm gonna talk today about understanding the rates 2 00:00:09.095 --> 00:00:11.095 of contact with the criminal justice system 3 00:00:11.395 --> 00:00:12.975 for children involved with social 4 00:00:12.975 --> 00:00:14.455 welfare services in England. 5 00:00:14.635 --> 00:00:16.375 I'm based at the University of Sheffield. 6 00:00:16.475 --> 00:00:17.735 I'm a research fellow here, 7 00:00:18.115 --> 00:00:21.495 and I've been working, um, with the government, uh, 8 00:00:21.495 --> 00:00:24.615 education and justice data to understand a bit more about 9 00:00:25.295 --> 00:00:27.975 outcomes for, uh, this population. 10 00:00:29.435 --> 00:00:32.095 So, we do know from evidence that children 11 00:00:32.115 --> 00:00:34.335 and adults with care experiences are more likely 12 00:00:34.395 --> 00:00:37.615 to have contact with the criminal justice system in England. 13 00:00:38.075 --> 00:00:40.015 And we've had several reports over the years, 14 00:00:40.015 --> 00:00:43.015 particularly looking at young people who have had looked 15 00:00:43.015 --> 00:00:44.175 after care placements 16 00:00:44.395 --> 00:00:48.015 and looking at the numbers of those young people who go on 17 00:00:48.035 --> 00:00:49.815 to particularly be in prison, 18 00:00:49.955 --> 00:00:52.655 so having kind of custodial sentences. 19 00:00:53.395 --> 00:00:54.455 Um, so we do know 20 00:00:54.455 --> 00:00:58.375 that this group is really over overrepresented in the prison 21 00:00:58.395 --> 00:01:02.375 system, and we also know that for women, the proportion 22 00:01:02.375 --> 00:01:05.215 of women with care experience in the criminal justice system 23 00:01:05.835 --> 00:01:08.015 is higher than the proportion 24 00:01:08.015 --> 00:01:09.815 of men from the criminal justice system. 25 00:01:09.875 --> 00:01:12.775 So in the prison population, for example, um, 26 00:01:12.925 --> 00:01:16.255 over 60% have been reported of women have been reported 27 00:01:16.275 --> 00:01:19.375 as having historic care experiences, whereas for men, 28 00:01:19.435 --> 00:01:21.735 the rates are something more like 30%. 29 00:01:22.195 --> 00:01:23.375 So both very high, 30 00:01:23.435 --> 00:01:26.855 but there is a difference there between, um, men and women. 31 00:01:27.595 --> 00:01:29.375 So today I'm gonna talk a bit about 32 00:01:29.465 --> 00:01:31.215 where the evidence might be missing. 33 00:01:31.385 --> 00:01:33.335 Where there's a bit of a gap is for children 34 00:01:33.755 --> 00:01:36.735 who are supported, but, uh, remain living at home. 35 00:01:36.875 --> 00:01:39.655 So supported by social workers as a child in need 36 00:01:40.075 --> 00:01:41.935 or on a child protection plan, 37 00:01:41.955 --> 00:01:44.335 but that never elevates to, um, 38 00:01:44.775 --> 00:01:46.095 actually a looked after placement. 39 00:01:46.955 --> 00:01:50.655 Um, and also there is a group, uh, as I'm sure you all know, 40 00:01:50.675 --> 00:01:53.055 who are referred, and some of that group, 41 00:01:53.205 --> 00:01:54.695 they may have an assessment and then no 42 00:01:54.695 --> 00:01:55.735 further action is taken. 43 00:01:56.675 --> 00:01:59.095 Um, and also for some of them it may be 44 00:01:59.095 --> 00:02:01.415 that they don't actually have the assessment either, perhaps 45 00:02:01.415 --> 00:02:04.375 because the referral is seen as being, uh, not, 46 00:02:04.715 --> 00:02:07.415 not appropriate for an assessment by social workers. 47 00:02:08.155 --> 00:02:10.575 And this is quite a big group of, of young people. 48 00:02:10.715 --> 00:02:14.295 So in the sample that I'm looking at is about 7% of children 49 00:02:14.915 --> 00:02:16.055 who are referred, 50 00:02:16.055 --> 00:02:19.175 but they don't actually have an assessment, um, 51 00:02:19.355 --> 00:02:21.535 or the assessment doesn't lead to an intervention. 52 00:02:22.395 --> 00:02:23.935 And so I'm looking at every level 53 00:02:23.995 --> 00:02:26.415 so there's also young people who never have any contact 54 00:02:26.485 --> 00:02:28.535 with social care services, which 55 00:02:28.535 --> 00:02:30.295 of course is the majority of young people. 56 00:02:31.155 --> 00:02:33.135 Um, and then the group that are referred, 57 00:02:33.135 --> 00:02:34.735 but they don't have any involvement 58 00:02:34.755 --> 00:02:37.655 or an intervention by, um, social welfare 59 00:02:38.115 --> 00:02:41.095 and then the other levels of, of social welfare involvement, 60 00:02:41.095 --> 00:02:43.375 so child in need and child protection plan. 61 00:02:43.635 --> 00:02:46.055 So that looking at those groups is, is kind of different 62 00:02:46.055 --> 00:02:49.215 and a bit new and we don't really understand the outcomes at 63 00:02:49.215 --> 00:02:53.255 the moment, um, in research anyway of those young people. 64 00:02:53.755 --> 00:02:56.775 Uh, so, um, yeah, it's, it's kind of those children 65 00:02:56.845 --> 00:02:58.335 that I will be focusing on. 66 00:02:58.395 --> 00:03:02.205 Oh, we're back on. Um, so you can see here my sample 67 00:03:02.235 --> 00:03:04.085 that I've been looking at is, um, 68 00:03:04.705 --> 00:03:07.685 is about 1.7 million children or just short of that. 69 00:03:07.705 --> 00:03:10.965 And you can see that the majority won't have any social care 70 00:03:10.965 --> 00:03:12.525 contact with 86%. 71 00:03:12.865 --> 00:03:15.405 The referral only group is about 7% of children. 72 00:03:15.745 --> 00:03:20.325 So, uh, yeah, just over, um, as close to 120,000 children, 73 00:03:20.835 --> 00:03:23.285 4% of the population will be registered 74 00:03:23.465 --> 00:03:25.005 as a child in need at some time. 75 00:03:25.665 --> 00:03:28.325 Uh, 1% are placed on a child protection plan, 76 00:03:28.385 --> 00:03:30.685 and that's kinda the highest level of, of involvement 77 00:03:30.685 --> 00:03:31.725 or intervention that they have. 78 00:03:32.065 --> 00:03:35.125 And then 2%, uh, are, are looked after children 79 00:03:35.905 --> 00:03:38.685 and these are just recording kind of the highest ever level 80 00:03:38.705 --> 00:03:40.805 of intervention that they might have. 81 00:03:42.225 --> 00:03:45.045 So I'm using here linked government administrative data, 82 00:03:45.055 --> 00:03:47.525 which I know many of you're are familiar with, 83 00:03:47.545 --> 00:03:50.725 but I will just, um, explain it as well. 84 00:03:51.265 --> 00:03:55.245 Um, so this is administrative data, is any information 85 00:03:55.245 --> 00:03:58.005 that's created when people interact with public services. 86 00:03:58.545 --> 00:04:00.965 So we'll have this data stored about us. 87 00:04:01.105 --> 00:04:04.205 So this is every time we have interactions with schools, 88 00:04:04.705 --> 00:04:07.405 so things like attendance data, hospitals, 89 00:04:07.405 --> 00:04:10.405 so everything is recorded and, um, that's held on a system. 90 00:04:10.705 --> 00:04:13.405 The courts or benefits system, they're just examples 91 00:04:13.405 --> 00:04:15.965 of different, uh, government departments 92 00:04:16.025 --> 00:04:17.525 and each department will collate 93 00:04:17.525 --> 00:04:19.125 and hold that data themselves. 94 00:04:20.025 --> 00:04:21.725 Uh, and these, historically, 95 00:04:21.725 --> 00:04:23.525 these data sets have been kept very separate 96 00:04:23.545 --> 00:04:26.045 and just owned by each government department, 97 00:04:26.185 --> 00:04:27.205 but there was a lot to be 98 00:04:27.205 --> 00:04:28.325 learned from linking them together. 99 00:04:28.425 --> 00:04:29.965 So we've, I'm looking at, 100 00:04:29.985 --> 00:04:33.645 and so is Katie data that's been linked between education, 101 00:04:33.985 --> 00:04:35.365 uh, the education department 102 00:04:35.365 --> 00:04:37.325 and also the Ministry of Justice as well. 103 00:04:37.825 --> 00:04:39.165 Uh, so it's kind of trying to see 104 00:04:39.165 --> 00:04:41.445 what can we find out then about that linkage. 105 00:04:41.705 --> 00:04:45.365 And within the education data is the social welfare data, 106 00:04:45.385 --> 00:04:47.765 so any child protection, uh, data in there, 107 00:04:47.785 --> 00:04:48.965 but none of the case notes, 108 00:04:49.105 --> 00:04:52.165 but just the kind of the child in need, uh, return 109 00:04:52.305 --> 00:04:55.325 and the child booked after, um, return as well. 110 00:04:56.885 --> 00:04:59.295 Just to explain a bit about how I've used the data, 111 00:04:59.545 --> 00:05:01.455 don't wanna go too in detail with this, 112 00:05:01.475 --> 00:05:03.935 but I've chosen a sample of children born 113 00:05:04.125 --> 00:05:07.535 between September, 1995 and August, 1998. 114 00:05:07.555 --> 00:05:10.815 So that's three school years of children that adds up to, 115 00:05:11.005 --> 00:05:14.615 yeah, 1.67 million children in England. 116 00:05:15.395 --> 00:05:17.135 Um, the education data 117 00:05:17.355 --> 00:05:19.375 and the social welfare data starts at age 118 00:05:19.405 --> 00:05:20.535 five, that's quite important. 119 00:05:20.555 --> 00:05:22.255 So we don't have welfare data from 120 00:05:22.355 --> 00:05:25.375 before five, which is quite a large proportion of children. 121 00:05:26.355 --> 00:05:29.535 Um, but the justice so that we've got them all the way 122 00:05:29.535 --> 00:05:31.495 through their education in the education data 123 00:05:31.595 --> 00:05:34.495 and then the justice data goes to about 2020. 124 00:05:34.715 --> 00:05:37.375 So by that point, the children were young people 125 00:05:37.565 --> 00:05:39.975 between the ages of 22 and 25. 126 00:05:41.115 --> 00:05:43.495 So trying to look at the, uh, outcomes 127 00:05:43.495 --> 00:05:45.575 for young people involved with social welfare. 128 00:05:46.355 --> 00:05:47.815 Um, but it's really important 129 00:05:47.835 --> 00:05:50.575 to also look at other influences that might have, uh, 130 00:05:50.975 --> 00:05:53.175 affected their likelihood of having criminal justice 131 00:05:53.235 --> 00:05:54.255 system contact. 132 00:05:55.235 --> 00:05:59.285 Um, so that includes poverty, um, special educational needs 133 00:05:59.345 --> 00:06:01.645 and, and disability school attendance 134 00:06:01.825 --> 00:06:05.645 or if they were excluded from school, their GCSE, uh, 135 00:06:06.005 --> 00:06:08.485 outcomes and also also their ethnicity as well. 136 00:06:08.545 --> 00:06:10.885 So all of those things are considered when I've gone on 137 00:06:10.885 --> 00:06:12.405 to like, analyze the data. 138 00:06:13.625 --> 00:06:17.245 Um, and the comparison in every case is always the group 139 00:06:17.245 --> 00:06:20.085 that didn't have any social welfare involvement at all. 140 00:06:21.065 --> 00:06:22.925 And the question that we're asking is like, 141 00:06:22.925 --> 00:06:24.045 what is the likelihood 142 00:06:24.425 --> 00:06:27.005 or the odds of having at least one caution 143 00:06:27.105 --> 00:06:30.885 or conviction by age 22 to 25, um, 144 00:06:31.465 --> 00:06:34.725 at each level of social welfare involvement compared 145 00:06:34.725 --> 00:06:36.405 to the no social welfare group? 146 00:06:38.165 --> 00:06:40.635 First of all, just some like percentages just 147 00:06:40.635 --> 00:06:42.995 so you can see the, the lay of the land really. 148 00:06:43.335 --> 00:06:45.755 So this is the proportion of children at different levels 149 00:06:45.815 --> 00:06:48.835 of social, uh, welfare involvement who have contact 150 00:06:48.835 --> 00:06:50.475 with the criminal justice system. 151 00:06:51.095 --> 00:06:54.275 So for the no social care group, it's 6% 152 00:06:54.275 --> 00:06:55.675 of the population will go on 153 00:06:55.675 --> 00:06:57.795 to have at least one caution or conviction. 154 00:06:58.175 --> 00:07:00.195 And then you can see here, these are the different groups 155 00:07:00.195 --> 00:07:03.275 that we've, uh, previously kind of, um, showed. 156 00:07:03.695 --> 00:07:07.955 So the referral only group, uh, that rate is 18%. 157 00:07:07.975 --> 00:07:10.515 So 18% of them will go on to have a criminal caution 158 00:07:10.775 --> 00:07:12.515 or conviction in the child 159 00:07:12.515 --> 00:07:14.235 in need group it's 22%. 160 00:07:14.535 --> 00:07:17.035 In the child protection plan, it's 28%. 161 00:07:17.295 --> 00:07:20.275 And in the child looked after group it's 37%. 162 00:07:20.375 --> 00:07:23.315 So as you can see, it's like a stepped increase in the level 163 00:07:23.375 --> 00:07:25.355 of intervention or, or involvement. 164 00:07:25.695 --> 00:07:28.755 Uh, and it's also the rates go up in terms of the number 165 00:07:28.755 --> 00:07:31.515 that are going on to have a criminal caution or conviction. 166 00:07:32.295 --> 00:07:34.555 And then down at the bottom you can see the breakdown 167 00:07:34.655 --> 00:07:36.355 for males and females. 168 00:07:36.415 --> 00:07:38.355 And this is generally what we see is 169 00:07:38.355 --> 00:07:41.155 that males offending at a higher, you know, more 170 00:07:41.155 --> 00:07:42.955 of them are going on to offend than not. 171 00:07:42.975 --> 00:07:45.795 So even in the no social care population, the rate 172 00:07:45.795 --> 00:07:47.835 of offending is five times higher in 173 00:07:47.835 --> 00:07:48.955 men than it is in women. 174 00:07:50.135 --> 00:07:51.755 But you can also see that the rates 175 00:07:52.655 --> 00:07:55.155 can have this stepped thing again in the the 176 00:07:55.155 --> 00:07:56.195 females and males. 177 00:07:56.815 --> 00:07:59.955 Uh, but what you might be able to tell from these numbers is 178 00:07:59.985 --> 00:08:02.875 that actually the difference between the girls 179 00:08:02.975 --> 00:08:04.115 who are in the looked 180 00:08:04.115 --> 00:08:05.195 after group, for example, 181 00:08:05.785 --> 00:08:08.955 it's 14 times higher than the no social welfare group, 182 00:08:08.955 --> 00:08:13.115 whereas in the males it's um, four and a half times higher. 183 00:08:13.575 --> 00:08:14.635 So you can see 184 00:08:14.635 --> 00:08:16.595 that there is an increased risk in both groups, 185 00:08:16.695 --> 00:08:18.675 but that increased risk is looking to be 186 00:08:18.675 --> 00:08:20.995 that it's higher in in females. 187 00:08:22.745 --> 00:08:25.085 So this is the outcome from the analysis. 188 00:08:25.085 --> 00:08:27.365 So this is taking into consideration all those 189 00:08:27.365 --> 00:08:28.605 really important other things. 190 00:08:28.665 --> 00:08:32.405 So you try and take out the role of things like poverty, uh, 191 00:08:32.585 --> 00:08:36.325 and yeah, education outcomes for example, uh, just to try 192 00:08:36.325 --> 00:08:38.325 and drill down, to look at just the sort 193 00:08:38.325 --> 00:08:39.445 of social welfare level 194 00:08:39.505 --> 00:08:42.765 and what that might mean for, um, likelihood 195 00:08:42.945 --> 00:08:45.445 of having a criminal caution or conviction. 196 00:08:46.185 --> 00:08:47.885 So again, you can see here 197 00:08:47.885 --> 00:08:51.125 that each group is more likely than the no social care group 198 00:08:51.585 --> 00:08:53.845 to have a criminal caution or conviction. 199 00:08:54.105 --> 00:08:58.965 And that we still see this stepped rise in, um, likelihood 200 00:08:58.965 --> 00:09:00.485 of offending for each group. 201 00:09:00.665 --> 00:09:04.525 So you start off with the referral only group is 1.9 times 202 00:09:04.665 --> 00:09:08.445 higher, then you've got, uh, yeah, over two times higher 203 00:09:08.445 --> 00:09:09.765 for the child in need group, two 204 00:09:09.785 --> 00:09:13.205 and a half times higher for the child protection plan group, 205 00:09:13.425 --> 00:09:16.445 and over four times higher for the looked after children. 206 00:09:16.505 --> 00:09:18.085 That's for the whole population. 207 00:09:18.585 --> 00:09:19.965 And when we look at females 208 00:09:19.965 --> 00:09:23.085 and males separately, you can see that this increased risk 209 00:09:23.085 --> 00:09:25.645 that we thought we might see for girls is there. 210 00:09:25.825 --> 00:09:29.485 So you can see that the increased likelihood of offending, 211 00:09:29.905 --> 00:09:32.925 uh, for females is higher at each level than it 212 00:09:32.925 --> 00:09:34.125 is for males. 213 00:09:34.125 --> 00:09:36.885 And it goes up to kind of close to six times higher 214 00:09:37.025 --> 00:09:39.445 for the looked after girls, where it's three 215 00:09:39.445 --> 00:09:41.765 and a half times higher for the looked after boys. 216 00:09:42.465 --> 00:09:45.805 So I've also done a separate analysis, which is, um, 217 00:09:46.155 --> 00:09:48.045 looking not just at the rates of England, 218 00:09:48.185 --> 00:09:50.645 and it's good that we've got people on the call from all 219 00:09:50.645 --> 00:09:52.005 over, uh, the country 220 00:09:52.395 --> 00:09:53.885 because I'm looking to see 221 00:09:53.995 --> 00:09:56.645 what the differences are across England 222 00:09:56.645 --> 00:10:00.445 between local authorities in the outcomes for young people 223 00:10:01.185 --> 00:10:02.565 who are involved with social 224 00:10:02.565 --> 00:10:04.085 welfare at these different levels. 225 00:10:04.985 --> 00:10:06.645 And so, um, 226 00:10:06.675 --> 00:10:08.765 this is a separate analysis is a little bit different, 227 00:10:08.945 --> 00:10:11.405 but it does still account for the local authority, 228 00:10:11.405 --> 00:10:15.125 poverty rate and also also the youth offending rate in the 229 00:10:15.125 --> 00:10:16.845 general population within that area. 230 00:10:16.985 --> 00:10:21.685 So that's the non welfare, um, population of young people to 231 00:10:21.785 --> 00:10:24.005 to, 'cause obviously that also varies across the country. 232 00:10:24.545 --> 00:10:27.205 So even if you take into account those two things 233 00:10:27.785 --> 00:10:29.965 we are seeing across between local authorities, 234 00:10:30.655 --> 00:10:33.805 quite high variation in the outcomes for young people. 235 00:10:34.385 --> 00:10:36.885 So for example, uh, for the looked 236 00:10:36.885 --> 00:10:41.445 after child population in some, in the lowest level of 237 00:10:41.715 --> 00:10:44.725 that group who are going on to have criminal cautions 238 00:10:44.785 --> 00:10:45.805 or convictions 239 00:10:45.905 --> 00:10:48.245 or who also have criminal cautions of convictions, 240 00:10:48.365 --> 00:10:52.205 I should say, uh, is 20% of the population. 241 00:10:52.265 --> 00:10:55.325 But in some local authorities it goes up to 62%. 242 00:10:56.185 --> 00:10:59.605 Um, so it's, we are looking at, at each level up 243 00:10:59.605 --> 00:11:03.005 to three times greater risk in some local authorities than 244 00:11:03.005 --> 00:11:04.325 in other local authorities. 245 00:11:05.185 --> 00:11:09.845 So in the referral only group, it ranges from 14% to 22%. 246 00:11:10.185 --> 00:11:13.685 In the child. In knee group it's from 8% to 29%. 247 00:11:14.025 --> 00:11:18.005 And for the child protection group it's from 14% to 43%. 248 00:11:18.425 --> 00:11:20.125 So it's really quite a big variation. 249 00:11:20.465 --> 00:11:22.205 And um, I think 250 00:11:22.205 --> 00:11:24.845 that when we look at just the national statistics, I think 251 00:11:24.845 --> 00:11:27.645 that's actually, uh, it is still really helpful 252 00:11:27.785 --> 00:11:29.445 but I think some of this, um, 253 00:11:29.555 --> 00:11:31.365 variation is really helpful to see. 254 00:11:31.825 --> 00:11:34.885 Uh, and when I do come to publish these, um, findings, 255 00:11:35.655 --> 00:11:36.845 it'll be that you'll be able 256 00:11:36.845 --> 00:11:40.125 to see like your local authority, how it's performing 257 00:11:40.785 --> 00:11:43.165 within the national picture, uh, 258 00:11:43.165 --> 00:11:45.805 which hopefully will be something that will be useful 259 00:11:46.185 --> 00:11:48.805 uh, for practitioners especially. 260 00:11:49.675 --> 00:11:52.925 This is more research from, uh, this, 261 00:11:53.235 --> 00:11:55.565 This is kind of explanations from the research. 262 00:11:55.565 --> 00:11:58.845 There isn't a huge amount, uh, of research, uh, 263 00:11:58.905 --> 00:12:01.685 in this area, but there is some really good stuff, uh, 264 00:12:01.735 --> 00:12:05.565 there, um, which I'll hope to summarise a bit of here. 265 00:12:06.385 --> 00:12:09.485 Um, so in terms of looking at kind of outcomes for girls, 266 00:12:09.945 --> 00:12:12.605 uh, there is some evidence that shows that um, 267 00:12:13.255 --> 00:12:15.965 girls are more likely to offend if they've been exposed 268 00:12:16.065 --> 00:12:19.285 to some types of, um, maltreatment, 269 00:12:19.785 --> 00:12:22.565 um, particularly things like exposure to domestic violence. 270 00:12:22.985 --> 00:12:24.965 So rates of, uh, girls who are exposed 271 00:12:24.965 --> 00:12:26.325 to these kind of things. 272 00:12:26.425 --> 00:12:29.205 And I think neglect comes up quite highly for girls 273 00:12:29.265 --> 00:12:32.805 as well compared to maybe other forms of, um, reasons 274 00:12:33.105 --> 00:12:36.445 for which that you might be involved with girls, uh, 275 00:12:36.445 --> 00:12:40.925 you know, around abuse, um, those rates are higher in terms 276 00:12:40.945 --> 00:12:41.965 of offending later. 277 00:12:42.475 --> 00:12:45.045 There's also other pathways to offending for girls so 278 00:12:45.045 --> 00:12:48.525 that you can see, um, for example, girls 279 00:12:48.525 --> 00:12:51.485 that perform worse in education who are involved 280 00:12:51.485 --> 00:12:54.125 with social welfare, they might be more likely to offend. 281 00:12:54.785 --> 00:12:58.125 Um, and also alcohol misuse is a big factor as well. 282 00:12:59.145 --> 00:13:00.285 For looked after children, 283 00:13:00.395 --> 00:13:02.565 This, we see the greatest risk in this group. 284 00:13:02.875 --> 00:13:05.525 There's often cited like structural factors, 285 00:13:05.825 --> 00:13:07.485 so things like calling the police 286 00:13:07.545 --> 00:13:09.285 to manage behaviour in care homes. 287 00:13:09.945 --> 00:13:11.885 Um, then there's also increased vulnerability 288 00:13:11.985 --> 00:13:13.925 to exploitation in those settings. 289 00:13:14.465 --> 00:13:16.365 Uh, and also there's evidence to show 290 00:13:16.365 --> 00:13:18.845 that girls in these settings may be particularly vulnerable, 291 00:13:19.105 --> 00:13:20.725 uh, to exploitation as well. 292 00:13:20.825 --> 00:13:22.725 But for the groups that are being supported at home, 293 00:13:23.225 --> 00:13:25.965 things like the family being less able to supervise 294 00:13:25.965 --> 00:13:28.725 and monitor, I think I saw a comment like that on the board. 295 00:13:29.345 --> 00:13:32.245 Uh, and also greater opportunity for criminal activity 296 00:13:32.505 --> 00:13:35.405 and exploitation in the community that they're sort of, 297 00:13:35.425 --> 00:13:38.085 you know, that they're familiar with. Uh, 298 00:13:38.365 --> 00:13:39.645 children on the mar... margins of care. 299 00:13:39.665 --> 00:13:40.805 I'm not quite sure that's the right term, 300 00:13:40.905 --> 00:13:42.085 but the ones who are referred 301 00:13:42.105 --> 00:13:45.645 but they haven't, uh, actually, you know, aren't, um, 302 00:13:46.415 --> 00:13:47.645 don't meet the criteria 303 00:13:47.665 --> 00:13:50.165 or don't need an intervention from social workers. 304 00:13:50.515 --> 00:13:52.285 This is, this is more of a comment really, 305 00:13:52.285 --> 00:13:54.205 it's just a very large group of young people. 306 00:13:54.555 --> 00:13:59.165 There's 21,000 young people who have, uh, been referred 307 00:13:59.305 --> 00:14:01.085 and they go on to, uh, 308 00:14:01.085 --> 00:14:02.885 have a criminal caution or conviction 309 00:14:03.005 --> 00:14:05.805 and that's 16% of that whole population of young people 310 00:14:06.025 --> 00:14:09.205 who are having contact with the criminal justice system. 311 00:14:09.625 --> 00:14:11.805 And this is really is just a comment just to say like, 312 00:14:12.045 --> 00:14:14.165 actually this group we know very, very little about. 313 00:14:14.165 --> 00:14:18.525 They're only really identifiable in the admin data, um, 314 00:14:18.755 --> 00:14:21.565 that are, that, you know, we have been using. 315 00:14:22.225 --> 00:14:24.965 Um, and this group may or may not be monitored 316 00:14:25.225 --> 00:14:26.525 or supported over time, 317 00:14:26.545 --> 00:14:28.805 but certainly we might expect there's a quite a big 318 00:14:28.805 --> 00:14:32.045 variation in this across, uh, local authorities in England, 319 00:14:32.625 --> 00:14:35.325 um, 'cause there's no reason for it to be standardised. 320 00:14:35.985 --> 00:14:37.765 Uh, yeah, and as you've all, many 321 00:14:37.765 --> 00:14:41.725 of you have mentioned in the Jamboard, um, we see here, uh, 322 00:14:41.725 --> 00:14:43.565 obviously if you're exposed to lots 323 00:14:43.565 --> 00:14:44.725 of adversity in childhood, 324 00:14:45.275 --> 00:14:47.605 this has a big impact on child development, particularly 325 00:14:47.605 --> 00:14:50.165 around emotional dysregulation, um, 326 00:14:50.815 --> 00:14:54.125 difficulty inhibiting behaviours, so lots of impulsivity, 327 00:14:55.005 --> 00:14:56.045 difficulties with relationships 328 00:14:56.065 --> 00:14:58.405 and attachment, which I think has just popped up in the, 329 00:14:58.425 --> 00:14:59.845 um, chat as well. 330 00:15:00.585 --> 00:15:03.405 Um, and also things around low self-esteem. 331 00:15:03.425 --> 00:15:06.925 So that, and um, and also attachment difficulties. 332 00:15:06.945 --> 00:15:09.085 You know, this really increases vulnerability 333 00:15:09.145 --> 00:15:10.325 to exploitation and, 334 00:15:10.325 --> 00:15:12.765 and like the, um, comment says, you know, parti, 335 00:15:12.765 --> 00:15:16.005 perhaps this is particularly for girls as well, you know, 336 00:15:16.205 --> 00:15:18.645 forming unhelpful, unhealthy relationships. 337 00:15:20.065 --> 00:15:22.765 Uh, but just to say thanks to my colleagues, Nathan Callum, 338 00:15:22.765 --> 00:15:24.605 Katie and Matt at the University of Sheffield 339 00:15:24.605 --> 00:15:28.045 and Birmingham, and also this work is supported by a DR UK 340 00:15:28.305 --> 00:15:30.685 who are the ones that have been linking up these government 341 00:15:30.685 --> 00:15:32.285 data sets, like with the, working 342 00:15:32.315 --> 00:15:33.765 with the government departments. 343 00:15:34.385 --> 00:15:36.005 Um, yeah, so thank you to everybody. 344 00:15:36.065 --> 00:15:38.605 That's the end, uh, of my contributions.